Ajeng Shabrina

PBH 300-01: Health and the Environment

Professor Bora Plaku

November 11, 2024

Cleaning and Indoor Pollutants

Cleaning the house is part of the routine for maintaining hygiene, preventing any sort of disease, a way to relax or stress release, and improving the aesthetic of the house. Cleaning is closely tied to various products and actions that come into direct contact with pollutants and dirt. The standard of hygiene has become higher, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Redefining cleanliness is one of the main goals in many households. People tend to be overcautious about dirt or exposure to the outside world. Increasing the use of cleaner products is believed to be one effective solution to address this issue. On the other hand, many household cleaning products are significant sources of chemical exposure to the human body. Although some manufacturers claim their products are safe when used in moderation, long-term exposure during regular use can still contribute to various health problems. To illustrate this point, here are three main cleaning activities that pose a significant risk of health issues due to chemical exposure.

Vacuuming or Sweeping

It begins with the cleaning activity itself. The most common one is sweeping the floor or vacuuming both floors and the carpet. A carpet, in fact, is a type of surface that can easily collect different kinds of particles and dirt that one can inhale or accidentally ingest (infant crawling on the floor). Carpets contain more dust and allergens than smooth or hard surfaces, including those from fungi, dogs, cats, and house dust mites’ floors. A paper by Matheson et al. discovered that having carpets leads to greater exposure to allergens from house dust mites. (Matheson, 2003)

A workshop summary published by the National Library of Medicine titled “Health Risk of Indoor Exposure to Particulate Matter” highlights research that has systematically examined various sources of household dust to analyze their microorganism content (Adams et al., 2015; Barberán et al., 2015) as well as their semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) levels (Blanchard et al., 2014; Dodson et al., 2015; Weschler and Nazaroff, 2010). Some of these studies have measured the amounts of dust present on indoor surfaces, revealing a significant range—from minimal dust loads of less than 0.1 grams per square meter found on mattresses to substantial accumulations of up to 100 grams per square meter from carpets or ventilation ducts. (National Academic of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016)

Knowing that vacuuming or sweeping could help with the dust problem that may be inhaled, it is important to recognize that both methods can greatly affect the amount of dust in indoor spaces and the level of exposure that people may experience. Sweeping, in particular, tends to be less effective at removing dust because it can generate considerable airborne particles. When sweeping, the action of moving the broom across the floor often stirs up settled dust and debris, causing these particles to become airborne and difficult to control. On the other hand, vacuuming can also lead to the resuspension of dust particles, especially on hard floors such as laminate or tile, where debris can be kicked up during the cleaning process.

The evolution of carpet materials in recent decades and the growing dust accumulation in indoor environments have led to significant health concerns. One of the prominent issues arising from this situation is the presence of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) on carpets. These compounds are characterized by their ability to evaporate into the air at room temperature and can be released from various household products, furnishings, and building materials. The health implications associated with SVOCs are alarmingly diverse; they have been implicated in respiratory issues, which can exacerbate conditions like asthma and allergic reactions. Moreover, many SVOCs are known endocrine disruptors, which can interfere with hormonal balance and lead to developmental and reproductive health problems, certain types of cancer, and damage to the nervous system.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can interfere with the normal functioning of hormonal systems in humans and wildlife. Exposure to EDCs has been associated with altered reproductive hormone levels, impaired fertility, developmental abnormalities, and increased vulnerability to certain diseases. According to the Energy Technologies Area, Berkeley Lab, here is a list of SVOCS that are considered to be EDCs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), phthalates, pesticides, antimicrobials, and polybrominated flame retardants. Carpet happens to have the accumulation of PAHs over years or decades. (ETA, 2024)

Furthermore, a paper by DellaValle et al., highlighted a significant correlation between childhood allergies and asthma and the presence of elevated levels of benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) found in household dust samples. This research indicates that as the concentration of BBP increases in indoor environments, there is a corresponding increase in the risk of children developing these respiratory and allergic conditions. This finding raises important concerns regarding the effects of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) on human health. SVOCs, such as BBP, are known to have the potential to function as endocrine disruptors. (DellaValle, 2016)

Kitchen Area

Cleaning the kitchen is one of the most frequent activities in the house since the intensity and frequency of kitchen usage every day by all family members. The sink is the dirtiest area, and it is exposed to many different types of dirt. Washing and cleaning cooking ingredients such as seafood, meat, fruits, and vegetables leave some bacteria, viruses, and particles such as residual pesticides, small insects, and dirt. One of my personal concerns while cleaning food ingredients is washing meat, which can cause cross-contamination. There are already many studies and warnings not to wash meat; however, my mom is in charge and always insists on washing meat due to her overcautiousness of dirty meat from any distribution and packing process.

Cleaning the surface of the kitchen is the solution to prevent any cross-contamination. Thoroughly washing the dishes is also one of the most frequent activities in the kitchen. Different cleaning products are used for this activity. Dish soap, wet napkins, and kitchen surface cleaning spray (cleaner and bleach) are the most common products used in the kitchen. It is unsurprising news that cleaning products' ingredients might be toxic and cause some allergic reactions. Some ingredients are commonly found in cleaning and personal care products; for instance, triclosan is an antibacterial agent often found in personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a surfactant commonly used for its foaming properties in shampoos and cleansers. Dyes are added to products to provide color and enhance visual appeal. Ingredients that contain the prefix "eth," such as ethylene glycol, are frequently used in formulations for their solvent properties. Polyethylene glycol is a synthetic compound utilized for its ability to improve texture and moisture retention in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical items.

Some ingredients mentioned above are found in one of the commonly used dishwashing soap, Dawn. Dawn claims to be more environmentally and health aware. Regardless of their claim, the Environmental Working Group categorized one of my most frequently used dish soaps as a high hazard. Dawn Ultra Platinum Dishwashing Liquid, Refreshing Rain Scent has at least five high-hazard ingredients. C9-11 Pareth-8, Deceth-8, fragrance, methylisothiazolinone, and acid blue 9 (uncertified fd&c blue no. 1 or d&c blue no.4) those are concerned with “acute aquatic toxicity, skin irritation/allergies/damage, nervous system effects, cancer, respiratory effects, and biodegradation” (EWC, 2024)

One might be skeptical about the long-term effect since one has not experienced it yet. Thus, being aware of the short-term effects, such as allergies, is very crucial. Klein, Grubauer, and Fritsch conducted an experiment called “The influence of daily dish-washing with synthetic detergent on human skin.” A study was conducted with 18 healthy volunteers to assess the impact of regular dishwashing on skin barrier function, measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and various skin symptoms. This study leads to the conclusion that regular exposure to low detergent concentrations can cause skin lesions in many individuals. (Klein, 1992)

Wet napkins are commonly regarded as an effective means of cleaning various surfaces. Unlike traditional kitchen cloths that require time for washing and drying, wet napkins offer a convenient, ready-to-use solution. They are pre-moistened, eliminating the hassle of preparation and allowing for immediate cleaning of spills, messes, or sticky spots. Moreover, the added fragrance of wet napkins enhances the cleaning experience, providing a sense of cleanliness and a pleasant aroma that lingers afterward. Nevertheless, the accumulation of wet napkin usage has a profound impact on the environment. A paper by Hu, Shen, and Tang mentioned that numerous reports highlight the physical harm that discarded masks and wipes cause to marine life, including entanglement and esophageal blockage. Perfluorinated compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, and various other pollutants tend to accumulate on the surfaces of microplastics. (Hu et al., 2022)

Bathroom Hygiene

Cleaning the bathroom is one of the most crucial routines that one must do. The goal of good toilet hygiene is minimizing the potential for pathogen transmission. Control of odors is also important and believed to be a societal measure of cleanliness. The awareness of bathroom hygiene is due to the effort to prevent the spread of diseases. The history of cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and COVID-19 teaches us some lessons about crucial hygiene. The awareness among humans that pathogens are easily spread in our environment manifests in using different cleaning products, especially bathroom cleaning products.

Barker and Bloomfield investigated the persistence and spread of Salmonella bacteria from domestic toilets in homes where someone had experienced salmonellosis. In four of six households, Salmonella was found in a biofilm under the toilet bowl rim that was hard to clean. Salmonella enteritidis remained in one toilet for four weeks post-diarrhea despite cleaning efforts. It was absent in dry areas like the toilet seat and handles, but flushing contaminated the toilet seat and lid, and airborne bacteria were detected after flushing. Salmonella persisted in the toilet biofilm for up to 50 days. The findings indicate a significant risk of spreading Salmonella infection to other family members through the bathroom environment. (Barker and Bloomfield, 2000)

As the concern of bathroom hygiene is mentioned above, at least once a week, one must thoroughly clean the bathroom to prevent exposure to bacteria. However, a paper by Bruchard et al., found that the testing of five disinfectant products revealed that Clorox Clean-Up Cleaner+Bleach Original had the highest number of VOCs, followed by Lysol Power Bathroom Cleaner. LabChem Reagent Grade Isopropyl Alcohol had the highest mean concentrations of VOCs, primarily consisting of 70% isopropanol, which made up over 99% of its total VOCs. Summary statistics for compounds with over 20% detection frequency, including mean and standard deviation, are available in the supporting data set. (Bruchard et al, 2023)

Those products are commonly used and actively promoted as effective solutions for maintaining toilet hygiene. These items are designed to tackle various aspects of cleanliness and sanitation, helping to ensure that bathrooms remain fresh and free from harmful bacteria. From disinfectants to specialized toilet bowl cleaners, each product plays a crucial role in promoting a hygienic toilet environment.

When discussing the importance of maintaining toilet hygiene, it is essential to consider personal cleanliness and the potential health implications associated with using certain products. A study by Maung et al. highlighted significant health concerns linked to high levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the environment. The research found a correlation between elevated VOC levels and the exacerbation of asthma symptoms, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children. (Maung, 2022)

Moreover, the study raised alarming concerns regarding long-term exposure to volatile compounds like benzene, which is known for its carcinogenic properties. The lifetime cancer risk associated with benzene exposure is particularly worrisome, with evidence indicating a strong link to the development of leukemia, especially acute forms of the disease in children. This relationship underscores the dire implications of VOC exposure, identifying benzene not only as a relevant carcinogen but also as a major contributing factor to childhood acute leukemia. Collectively, these findings highlight the profound impact of industrial pollution on public health, emphasizing the need for stringent regulations and proactive measures to mitigate exposure. (Maung, 2022)

Mitigation

Understanding the various types of indoor pollutants and their potential health effects is crucial for maintaining a clean and safe living environment. Many individuals may feel overwhelmed by the presence of these pollutants in cleaning products, which can sometimes discourage them from prioritizing household hygiene. However, it is essential to recognize that neglecting cleanliness can also result in both immediate and long-term adverse health outcomes, affecting respiratory function, allergy triggers, and overall well-being. Embracing a range of advanced technologies and innovative cleaning products can significantly enhance the effectiveness of household hygiene. Exploring alternative cleaning agents that are less harmful to both human health and the environment can lead to a cleaner home without introducing additional toxins. Furthermore, behavioral changes are vital in maintaining a healthy indoor environment.

First, carpet is one of the main issues behind the accumulation of dust and the frequent usage of vacuum cleaners. One can prevent this by switching the carpet to hard floors. A study by Becher et al. found that removing carpets can significantly decrease the levels of both mite allergens and ergosterol (A type of sterol present in the cell membranes of fungi, yeast, and certain protists.) (Becher, 2018) However, the cost can be the main issue for a huge change or renovation to reduce the dust.

What if some buildings are not possible to switch to hard floors, such as apartments, dormitories, hallways, ballrooms, etc? A paper by Yiin et al. recommended that to minimize dust exposure while vacuuming, a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter is recommended, which effectively captures tiny particles and improves air quality. Additionally, applying careful cleaning techniques, such as vacuuming slowly and using attachments for corners, enhances dust elimination. Overall, a vacuum with a HEPA filter and attentive cleaning methods are the best ways to reduce indoor dust exposure. (Yiin, 2008) In addition, masks should be used to avoid breathing the dust and prevent infants or kids from being around while vacuuming.

Second of all, In the kitchen area, there are several alternatives to traditional dishwashing soap that can be used effectively for cleaning dishes. Some of the most popular natural options include lemon, vinegar, and baking soda. Lemon juice is a powerful natural cleaner due to its acidity, which can help break down grease and eliminate odors. However, the downside is that storing lemons for smaller dishwashing needs might not be practical. If one only has a few items to wash, it may feel wasteful to use an entire lemon, or it is not enough for a big batch of dishes. Vinegar has antibacterial properties and the ability to cut through grime. However, many find its strong scent off-putting, which can linger in the kitchen long after washing the dishes. Similarly, baking soda is an abrasive in the kitchen and bathroom that can assist in scrubbing away tough stains. However, its effectiveness as a standalone dishwashing agent and toilet cleaner can depend on the specific messes at hand, and the mixture of baking soda and vinegar—while sometimes useful—may also have an overpowering smell that some people find unpleasant.

At present, various brands offer products that incorporate natural ingredients as alternatives to conventional options. However, navigating the marketplace to find these brands can sometimes be daunting, as it often involves higher costs and significant effort. Despite these challenges, it is crucial to understand the value of dedicating time to comprehensive research and being open to spending a bit more on quality products. The benefits of choosing natural ingredients extend beyond just personal health; they often encompass environmental sustainability and ethical sourcing. In the long run, the effort invested in identifying the right products can lead to a more satisfying and conscious purchasing experience.

While wet napkins are commonly used for quick cleaning, they are not the sole solution for maintaining the cleanliness of various surfaces. Cloth is a more sustainable alternative, as it can be reused multiple times, reducing waste compared to disposable options. Additionally, incorporating cloth into your cleaning routine may prove to be more economical in the long run, even though it might require a shift in mindset regarding cleaning time. By taking the time to wash and reuse cloths instead of relying on single-use wet napkins, one can promote both environmental responsibility and cost-effectiveness in their cleaning habits.

Last, placing sole responsibility on consumers cannot be the only solution, as manufacturers will continue to produce, promote, and persuade people to use their products. The government must adopt a strict approach—not just by creating laws but by ensuring their enforcement. Manufacturers often attempt to disguise toxic ingredients with subtle names that are hard to recognize. Thus, the government should continuously evaluate and strengthen laws over time. There should be regulations that prevent the changing of the name of the product that, in fact, has the same hazard or risk as its original name. Product control and comprehensive evaluations need to occur more frequently. Thankfully, it has become easier to check the safety of products today; resources like the Environmental Working Group and research papers provide valuable information. Therefore, support for researchers and nonprofit organizations working in this field should increase. Additionally, regulations must be established regarding promotional claims made by manufacturers. Consumers can easily be swayed by advertisements and campaigns related to specific products.

Citation

Matheson MC, Dharmage SC, Forbes AB, Raven JM, Woods RK, Thien FC, Guest DI, Rolland JM, Haydn Walters E, Abramson MJ. Residential characteristics predict changes in Der p 1, Fel d 1 and ergosterol but not fungi over time. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003 Sep;33(9):1281-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01747.x. PMID: 12956751.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Health risks of indoor exposure to particulate matter: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23531.

Energy Technologies Area, Berkeley Lab. (2024). SVOCs and health. SVOCs and Health | Indoor Air. https://iaqscience.lbl.gov/svocs-and-health#:~:text=SVOCS%20that%20are%20considered%20to,or%20urine)%20of%20human%20populations.

DellaValle, C. T., Deziel, N. C., Jones, R. R., Colt, J. S., De Roos, A. J., Cerhan, J. R., Cozen, W., Severson, R. K., Flory, A. R., Morton, L. M., & Ward, M. H. (2016). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: determinants of residential carpet dust levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0660-y

Environmental Working Group. (2024). Dawn Ultra Platinum Dishwashing Liquid, Refreshing Rain Scent. EWG verified®: Cleaning products that meet our strictest standards. https://www.ewg.org/ewgverified/cleaning-products.php

Klein, G., Grubauer, G., & Fritsch, P. (1992). The influence of daily dish-washing with synthetic detergent on human skin. The British journal of dermatology, 127(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb08045.x

Hu, T., Shen, M., & Tang, W. (2022). Wet wipes and disposable surgical masks are becoming new sources of fiber microplastic pollution during global COVID-19. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29(1), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17408-3

Barker, J., & Bloomfield, S. F. (2000). Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. Journal of applied microbiology, 89(1), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01091.x

Bruchard, W., Bajracharya, A., & Johnston, N. A. C. (2023). Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Disinfectant Usage in the Home and Office. Environmental health perspectives, 131(4), 47701. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11916

Maung, T. Z., Bishop, J. E., Holt, E., Turner, A. M., & Pfrang, C. (2022). Indoor Air Pollution and the Health of Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Effects on Children and People with Pre-Existing Lung Disease. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(14), 8752. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148752

Becher, R., Øvrevik, J., Schwarze, P. E., Nilsen, S., Hongslo, J. K., & Bakke, J. V. (2018). Do Carpets Impair Indoor Air Quality and Cause Adverse Health Outcomes: A Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020184

Yiin, L. M., Yu, C. H., Ashley, P., & Rhoads, G. (2008). Cleaning efficacy of high-efficiency particulate air-filtered vacuuming and "dry steam" cleaning on carpet. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 5(2), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620701805169